Intervenciones de Enfermería de Rehabilitación para promover el equilibrio en adultos mayores: Scoping Review
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33194/rper.2026.43410Palabras clave:
Adultos mayores, Rehabilitación, Equilibrio, Enfermería de rehabilitaciónResumen
Introducción: El envejecimiento de la población es uno de los mayores retos en materia de salud pública. El equilibrio es fundamental para la autonomía de las personas mayores y está relacionado con la prevención de caídas. El objetivo de este estudio fue recopilar la evidencia científica sobre las intervenciones de los especialistas en enfermería de rehabilitación que promueven el equilibrio en las personas mayores.
Metodología: Se llevó a cabo una revisión exploratória basada en las directrices definidas por el Instituto Joanna Briggs (JBI), guiada por la pregunta de investigación: «¿Cuáles son las intervenciones de las enfermeras de rehabilitación que promueven el equilibrio en los adultos mayores?». La búsqueda se realizó en las bases de datos PubMed, CINAHL complete, MEDLINE complete, MedicLatina, Nursing & Allied Health Collection: Comprehensive y Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials. Se consideraron todos los artículos publicados en portugués, inglés, español y francés entre 2020 y 2025 que incluían a adultos mayores (≥65 años) que vivían en la comunidad.
Resultados: Se incluyeron veintitrés estudios que mostraron cuatro categorías de intervenciones que promueven el equilibrio en los adultos mayores: ejercicios musculoarticulares, sensoriomotores, cognitivo-motores y multicomponentes. Estas estrategias mostraron mejoras significativas en el equilibrio, la marcha, la propiocepción y la prevención de caídas.
Conclusión: Las intervenciones de enfermería de rehabilitación que promueven el equilibrio tienen un impacto positivo en el mantenimiento de la funcionalidad y la prevención de caídas en los adultos mayores. Los programas multicomponentes que integran el entrenamiento muscular, sensorial y cognitivo son más eficaces para abordar esta cuestión.
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