Componentes básicos de los programas de rehabilitación cardiaca para personas sometidas a cirugía cardiaca: una revisión de alcance

Autores/as

  • Pedro José Moreira Barbosa Universidade Católica Portuguesa/ Centro Hospitalar Universitário de S. João
  • Catarina Ribeiro Escola Superior de Saúde de Santa Maria, Porto, Portugal
  • Margarida Vieira Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Porto, Portugal
  • Paulo Machado Escola Superior de Enfermagem do Porto, Porto, Portugal

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.33194/rper.2024.385

Palabras clave:

Cirugía cardíaca, Rehabilitación, Calidad de vida, Terapia de ejercicio

Resumen

Introducción: En la actualidad, el número de cirugías cardíacas ha aumentado, siendo una opción de final de línea cuando el tratamiento médico no logra responder a los problemas de los individuos, con el objetivo de reparar la disfunción del funcionamiento mecánico del corazón. La rehabilitación cardiaca (RC) es una intervención multidimensional que incluye la educación y la modificación de los factores de riesgo cardiovascular con el fin de mejorar la calidad de vida de las personas. Como componente central de los programas de RC, el ejercicio físico es una estrategia que promueve la mejora del rendimiento físico, así como la reducción de los síntomas asociados a la enfermedad y a la cirugía. Por estas razones, dadas las implicaciones derivadas de los procesos patológicos y quirúrgicos en los pacientes sometidos a cirugía cardíaca, es necesario definir, implementar y evaluar intervenciones que permitan minimizar el impacto funcional en los individuos afectados por estas condiciones.

Propósito: Mapear y analizar programas de RC en fase II que incluyan individuos sometidos a cirugía cardíaca clásica, con especial atención a los componentes de ejercicio físico.

Metodología: Scoping Review (ScR) basada en los principios defendidos por el Joanna Briggs Institute®. Dos revisores independientes analizaron la pertinencia de los artículos y extrajeron y sintetizaron los datos. Los criterios de elegibilidad se definieron como estudios de cualquier nivel de evidencia, que describían claramente la intervención realizada en la fase II de la RC y cuya población diana incluía individuos sometidos a bypass aortocoronario y cirugía valvular cardiaca. Se realizó una búsqueda ilimitada en las fuentes de datos EBSCOHost, Web of Science, Scopus y literatura gris.

Resultados: Se incluyeron 28 publicaciones en esta revisión. La intervención varía entre 3 semanas y 12 meses, con sesiones diarias de entrenamiento 2-5 veces por semana, de entre 30 y 60 minutos de duración. La intensidad y el tipo de ejercicio prescrito fueron áreas con una amplia dispersión, favoreciendo la mayoría de los estudios el entrenamiento anaeróbico, de intensidad baja a moderada.

Discusión: La mayoría de los programas se evalúan al inicio, a la mitad y al final del programa, utilizando escalas para medir la calidad de vida, la capacidad cardiorrespiratoria y la funcionalidad. Las características de la intervención, la duración y los instrumentos de evaluación difieren entre los estudios.

Conclusión: Deberían realizarse más investigaciones para conocer el abanico de criterios de frecuencia, intensidad, tipo y duración del ejercicio físico a implementar en personas sometidas a cirugía cardíaca en fase II de RC. La cartografía de las intervenciones que podrían utilizarse en los programas de RC de fase II podría ayudar a determinar los principales componentes que deben tenerse en cuenta en los programas de intervención, para una toma de decisiones informada por parte de la enfermería de rehabilitación, así como a identificar las áreas prioritarias de investigación.

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Publicado

2024-07-01

Cómo citar

1.
Moreira Barbosa PJ, Ribeiro C, Vieira M, Machado P. Componentes básicos de los programas de rehabilitación cardiaca para personas sometidas a cirugía cardiaca: una revisión de alcance. Rev Port Enf Reab [Internet]. 1 de julio de 2024 [citado 16 de septiembre de 2024];7(2):e385. Disponible en: https://rper.pt/article/view/36498