Interventions in post-extubation dysphagia: a scoping review: a scoping review

Paulo Azevedo; Margarida Oliveira; Manuel Saraiva; Joana Vila Pouca; Isabel Oliveira

doi:10.33194/rper.2026.41655

Autores/as

Paulo Azevedo Escola Superior de Saúde Norte da Cruz Vermelha Portuguesa, https://ror.org/015nkmw43, Oliveira de Azemíes, Portugal https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4099-3329
Margarida Oliveira ULS de Santo António, https://ror.org/02m9pj861, Porto, Portugal https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0703-8776
Manuel Saraiva ULS de Santo António, https://ror.org/02m9pj861, Porto, Portugal https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5334-8153
Joana Vila Pouca ULS de Gaia e Espinho, https://ror.org/042jpy919, Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal https://orcid.org/0009-0000-6642-9369
Isabel Oliveira Escola Superior de Enfermagem de Coimbra, https://ror.org/03c3y8w73, Coimbra, Portugal https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6627-3907

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.33194/rper.2026.41655

Palabras clave:

Enfermería, Cuidados Críticos, Trastornos de la deglución, Ventilación mecánica, Extubación Traqueal

Resumen

Introducción: La disfagia postextubación (DPE) afecta negativamente a la recuperación de los pacientes críticos. Sin embargo, la evidencia de las intervenciones para restaurar la función de deglución es limitada, por lo tanto, lo mapeo de las intervenciones pertinentes es esencial para apoyar la atención de enfermería.

Metodología: Siguiendo la metodología del Instituto Joanna Briggs se desarrolló una revisión de alcance. Se realizaron búsquedas en MEDLINE (a través de PubMed), Cochrane, Scielo, ScienceDirect y CINAHL en octubre de 2023. Se realizó búsqueda adicional de literatura gris. La extracción de datos se guió por los criterios: pacientes adultos en cuidados críticos, extubados tras ventilación mecánica invasiva durante más de 48 horas (población), DPE (concepto) y unidades de cuidados intensivos (contexto).

Resultados: Se recuperaron 1892 artículos, 59 más en literatura gris. Se incluyeron 14 artículos para su revisión. Los ejercicios de fortalecimiento muscular y los ajustes posturales son las estrategias de rehabilitación y compensación más referenciadas.

Discusión: La DPE se ha convertido en un foco de atención debido a su elevada incidencia y prevalencia. Del análisis, no fue posible determinar cuándo deben iniciarse las intervenciones tras la extubación, qué dosis, frecuencia y duración deben utilizarse, ni qué seguimiento es necesario en estos pacientes.

Conclusión: Esta revisión recopiló intervenciones compensatorias y rehabilitadoras para la disfagia posextubación en pacientes de cuidados intensivos. La evidencia sigue siendo insuficiente para definir el momento óptimo, la dosis, la frecuencia, la duración o el seguimiento, por lo que se necesitan protocolos estructurados y más estudios de intervención.

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Citas

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